The Bitumen Stabilised Materials Engineering Essay

The Bitumen stabilized Materials Engineering EssayThe pursuit character looks at what bitumen satbilised signifi nonifyts be and how they atomic number 18 implemented in twisting. As many aspects of bitumen photographic photographic emulsion and scintillateed bitumen overlap this section looks at them some(prenominal) together, which sub-sections outlining the differences betwixt the methods.IntroductionBitumen Stabilised literalsBitumen stabilized satisfyings argon tangibles which shit been breeded with either bitumen emulsion or foamed bitumen. When adding either grammatical case of bitumen the quantity of bitumen should non exceed more than 3% of the total masses of the dry merge, as this would conceive it is more than a stabilize agent. what is more in many situations an alert filler in the radiation pattern of cementum or hydrated lime arse in any case be added to the assortment. If it is added yet it should not exceed more than 1% of the bitumen stabilizer added. If it does the cloths is considered to be cement treated.It is similarly of import(prenominal) to business that this stabilisation agent does not the solid into solid pave like signifi cigargonttet. In under pass this discourse the poppycock go away remain in a granular state similar to how it was ahead stabilisation. It is yet its behavioral characteristics which allow change. The visible give experience an emergence in material effectuality and a diminution in dampure susceptibility as a result of the manner in which the bitumen is spread amongst the finer f do particles.The fact that the material bequeath remain in a granular state sum that this treatment method is dramatically polar from all other pavement materials. The dispersed bitumen changes the plume properties of the material by signifi empennagetly increasing the gumminess value whilst ca use minor change to the internal friction angle of the material. It exit in any cas e aim a void essence similar to that of a granular stratum, not like and asphalt.Bitumen emulsionAs the name suggest in this summons bitumen is emulsified in peeing. This way of life that bitumen is dispersed in water, with the knowledge that they go forth not desegregate overdue to the fact an emulsifying agent is use. The emulsifying agent depart also give the bitumen emulsion a charge, make the bitumen emulsion either cationic or anionic.This pre liquifyture is then added to the aggregate which testament make up a part of the pavement structure. As the bitumen droplets be charged, they ordain be attracted to the aggregate particles. In attraction they ordain be drawn to the littler particles as they have the greatest surface atomic number 18a and charge ingress features. For these reasons the type and moisture of the aggregate in the mix is crucial in efficiently dispersing the bitumen emulsion and precludeing premature separation of the bitumen from the w ater during variety. formerly it has been interracial the separation of the water from the bitumen needs to occur. This leave behind allow the bitumen to act as a binder. This separation should just occur after the material has been fully compacted.The change integrity bag process convolute with Bitumen emulsion occurs offsite in a manufacturing plant. here(predicate) it is can be stored for several months. The diagram below shows a simplified version of the manufacturing process.Foamed BitumenTo plead foamed bitumen water is injected into hot bitumen, which results in instant foamy of the bitumen. In the foaming process the hot bitumen is turned into vapour, which is trapped in thousands of tiny bitumen bubbles. These bubbles dissipate in less than a minute.When the bubbles burst they form tiny bitumen particles. These spread throughout the aggregate attaching themselves to the finer particles of the aggregate mixture. When the aggregate is compacted, the bitumen cover ed particles are pressed against the big particles in the aggregate. As a resultant of this localized non-continuous bonds are formed, like spot welds.BehaviourAs the material treated with bitumen leave behind remain in an unbound state, it will act similar to the original material. The scarce difference will be an improved cohesive dominance and reduced moisture aesthesia, which are both favorable outcomes. This is because the bitumen only disperses amongst the finer particles, which forms a bitumen-rich mortar between the gritty particles. This also means that opponent to the common misconception that the material will capture black and sticky like a hot-mix asphalt. The material will only slightly darken in colour.Through numerous tests around the area of bitumen stabilized pavements a number of initial observations on how the pavement will behave have been made. The following behaviours have been assumed.Materials treated with either bitumen methods will experience an increase in cohesion.The friction angle of the treated material will remain similar to the untreated material.They cause flexural strength. Which will mean the pavement is less likely to crack when subjected to pliant stresses. moisture sensitivity and durability are improved. This is due to the fact the finer particles are encapsulated and immobilized jam feast channels.The most common mode of failure is permanent deformation. all(prenominal) these behaviors will see on the followingThe local climate (Temperature, fair(a) rainfall, likeliness of frost or snow)The properties of the parent materialThe slow-wittedness of the layerThe quantity of binder addedThe use of any bustling fillersThe properties of the supporting materialIt is of import to note here that BSMs behave very different to asphalt and cement treated materials.BenefitsThere are a number of benefits associated with using BSMs. These embarrassIncreased strengthThe ability to replace b passage(prenominal)er role materials, meaning a cost saving modify durability modify moisture sensitivityCan provide cost and time savingsTypical failure mode is permanent deformation, which requires less effort to rehabilitate when compared to a material that will fail due to full-depth crackingThey are not temperature sensitiveIf the road requires rehabilitation BSMs propose little treat to the environmentThey are not overly sensitive, meaning the essence of bitumen added can vary slightlyThe process does not require heavy pull traffic. This limits the damage cause to newly constructed layers during constructionLimitationsWhen considering whether to use BSMs or not there are three main limitations. These should be guardedly considered when reservation the decision to use BSMs. The three limitations areEconomics Bitumen treatment can add significant costs to a project. Its use of lower caterogory roadstead should be carefully examined as it could not be worth it. formula expertise as they are cu rrently been developed and act other than from all other pavement materials careful objective is needful.Construction Expertise the construction process requires attention to detail. This means special training of the work out force is inevitable.along with this limitations the both bitumen emulsion and foamed bitumen have their own disadvantagesBitumen EmulsionWith bitumen emulsion come the following disadvantagesBy adding the water present in the emulsion process, the original material may go over its outflank water kernel. This will mean the material cannot be compacted properly.A fond setting time is required allow the material to gain sufficient strengththe construction process moldiness be completed with care. If the bitumen breaks prematurely it will not mix properly. If the material is to s add-in it can bring months for the bitumen to breakFoamed BitumenWith foamed bitumen come the following disadvantagesit requires sufficient fines. They required to ensure the bitumen mixes thoroughly. scintillating equipment needs to be up kept and be in remedy working order. The foamed bitumen needs to be sprayed in uniform, consistent manner.The process requires specialiser equipment, as the deuce liquid are not compatible.Materials Suitable for treatmentFor bitumen stabilisation to work a worthy material must be selected. First of all the material must be granular. For this reason materials that are suitable for treatment includeCrushed rockPreviously untreated natural gravels, such as basalt, granite, limestone, quartz, sandstone reclaim asphaltIt can also be said that calcrete gravels can be used for bitumen emulsion only it will not work with foamed bitumen.Design ApproachDesign sequenceThe first step in a distinctive normal for a BSM involves an investigation of the conditions. This includes expected traffic volumes, the materials visible(prenominal), the climate and the pavement structure for recycle projects.Once this has been done a lab oratory investigation of the proposed material leaves place. This involves find the materials class.The next step is to design the mix and make the final material classification.Once all of these steps are completed the structural design is completed. In this design if it is shown that the road is not economically viable the mix design will be redone and the steps repeated.Shown below is a flow chart of the steps involved. prance DesignIn using a stabilizer it is big that the stabilizer corresponds its intended purpose. The process of design the mix will be mainly symbiotic of the design traffic, the material available and the cost considerations. However n creating a mix design it is also important to consider the followingThe primary failure mode this will define the materials performance requirements.Appropriate laboratory tests tests need to be selected that will identify the key performance criteria and failure mechanisms.Identifying key mix properties and essential ma terial properties.Taking into account variability in material propertiesenvironmental factors clime and moisture conditions.The ability to effectively compact the material.In innovation the mix it is important to note that optimum bitumen content is not continuously selected for the mix design. This is because although the optimum bitumen content will provide the maximum material strength, this will mean other characteristics are forfeited. For example a high strength design will often lead to brittle sturdy pavement layers that are susceptible to cracking. In designing the mix it is important that the design is balance so that it will be suitable to it requirements. categorisation of BSMsCurrently South Africa has divided Bitumen Stabilised Materials into three classes. These classes are dependent on the quality of the original material and the design traffic. The three classes includeBSM1 The parent material has a high shear strength, and is normally the dwelling layer for large volumes of traffic. Source materials include well graded impoverished rock or acquire asphalt.BSM2 The parent material has a fairly high shear strength and is normally the bastardly layer for declare traffic loads. Source materials include graded natural gravel of reclaimed asphalt.BSM3 The parent material is soil-gravel and/or sand, stabilized with higher bitumen contents. It is a base layer that can only handle low traffic volumes.It is supposition that Australia will have a classification system similar to this.Mix designBSMs behave in a very complex manner, which gives engineers a great flexibility when it comes to designing a mix that will best meet the design conditions. The mix is made up of aggregate, bitumen and close totimes an quick filler where required.In design the mix there are two fundamental failure mechanisms that need to be designed for in the mix these arePermanent Deformation This is dependent on the materials shear properties as it is caused b y the accumulation of shear stresses. Resistance to permanent deformation as known as rutting is improved by repaird aggregate angularity shape, hardness and roughnessIncreased maximum particle sizeImproved compactionReduced moisture content addition of limited amounts of bitumen humanitarian of an active fillerMoisture Susceptibility this is the damage caused by the flick of a BSM to high moisture contents and pore-pressures caused by traffic. This then means a loss of adhesion between the bitumen and the aggregate. Due to water been involved in the mixing stage and the partially coated nature of the aggregate makes moisture susceptibility an important consideration in the evaluation of material performance. Moisture resistance is improved byIncreased bitumen contentAddition of an active fillerImproved compactionSmooth continuous razingIt is interesting to note here the difference in recommended bitumen content. To help foresee deformation limited amounts of bitumen are recomm ended. However to improve moister resistance change magnitude bitumen contents are recommend. This means that a compromise must be made, by using the laboratory examen to de nameine a bitumen content which will meet the demands of the design.Mix type selectionAs give tongue to in sectionXX the three main factors the influence the type of BSM used areThe design trafficThe quality of aggregate availableThe costOnce the type of BSM has been selected there are three main factors that affect the bitumen and active filler selection for the mix designTraffic design (volumes and loadings)Climate (particularly moisture considerations)Supporting layers (strength)The influence these factors have is demonstrated in the following figure. As it can be seen heavy traffic loads, a prankish climate and weak supporting layers all mean an increased amount of bitumen is required to ensure design requirements are meet.Mix Design appendageTo compose the best design mix possible several adjective st eps need to be done. This ensures that that every criteria is meet, as there are numerous variables that need to be checked.The first step of the mix design is to test the material which will be treated. This is done to ensure that the material is appropriate for testing. These tests include standard laboratory tests to determine the materials grading curve, moister, density and Atterberg limits.The next tests which are undertaken are the level 1 mix design tests. These provide an interpretation of the act rate of bitumen and active filler required to achieve an indicated class of BSM. direct 1 starts with the preparation of samples that will be used to manufacture the specimens required for all levels of mix design testings. testing at this level involves preparing centurymm diameter specimens which are compacted and cured for the purpose of under expiry substantiating pliant aptitude testing. These testing results are used toIndentify the preferred bitumen stabilizing agent Determine the optimum bitumen contentIdentify if there is a need for an active filler and its type canvasss after level 1 are done depending on the design traffic. The first of these are Level 2 mix design tests. The test at this level involves fashioning a sample which is clmm in diameter and 127mm in space. These are make using vibratory compaction and then cured at the vestibular sense moisture content. This sample then undergoes Indirect ductile Strength to optimize the required bitumen content.The level 3 mix design test is only recommended for high capacity roads. This test involves preparing 150mm diameter by 300mm in length specimens, which allows for a higher level of confidence. It then undergoes the same Indirect Tensile Strength test.Mix Constituents coreA wide range of mineral aggregates are suit for use with both types of bitumen treatment. These include aggregates ranging from sands to weather-beaten gravels to crushed stone and can either be virgin or recycled. These must however fall into certain quality standards to ensure the road will be at it required class.When examining a material its following properties will be checkedDurability characteristics of the untreated aggregate malleabilityGradingSpatial compositionWeathering characteristicsAggregate sourceThe aggregate used can come from three different sources, Virgin Aggregate, Recycled Granular Layers and Reclaimed AsphaltQuality of AggregateIn using bitumen to stabilize the material it is possible to use a poorer quality of aggregate. For virgin aggregates four tests are used to identify material limits.Soacked CBRGrading completing a grading will identify any deficiencies in the material voice passing through the 0.075mm sieve higher fines contents mean a higher need for bitumenPlasticity Index for bitumen emulsion the materials PI should be less than 7. For foamed bitumen the materials PI should be less than 10. Materials with a high PI can be treated with lime.For recycled gr anular layers the materials quality will depend onThe structure of the existing pavementConstruction variability judgment of recyclingAge of the pavementDegree of patching and repair on the existing pavementThickness and nature of old surfacing seals. apply reclaimed asphalt needs serious consideration as some material may not meet the quality standards required. This is particular important on highly used roads, where traffic loads are going to be large.When deciding whether the quality of the reclaimed asphalt will meet standards, the following needs to be considered.Climatic region if the material is going to be placed in a warm climate, shear tests must be carried out to represent that climateAxle loads high stresses will result in accelerated deformation of the road. This means that if the road is to exact heavy traffic its shear properties will need to be carefully consideredReclaimed Asphalt Composition if needed crusher dust can be added to the mix. This will provide an angular skeleton that will improve the mixes shear resistance.GradingThe grading requirements for both types of bitumen stabilisation is different. This is due to the fact that the bitumen will disperse differently. The graph and table below give an indication of the grading required for each type of stabilisation.XXXXXXBitumen EmulsionAs the above table shows a minimum filler content of 2% is required. This is because the bitumen emulsion will coat the large particles of the aggregate better than the foamed bitumen.Foamed bitumenFoamed bitumen requires more filler approximately 5% filler content is required. This is because the bitumen droplets disperse through the material, only partially coating the large particles. It uses the filler to create a spot welds connecting the larger particles using the fines.Bitumen SelectionThe bitumen selected plays an important part in how well the BSM works. incursion grade bitumen is used to produce both bitumen emulsion and foamed bitumen. In the next two sections the specific bitumen requirements for each form of stabilisation is given below.Bitumen EmulsionFor bitumen emulsion base bitumens with a penetration value between 80 and 100 are normally selected. In saying this around the macrocosm softer and harder grades of bitumen have successfully been used.In recent years there have been many technological advances which have allowed the bitumen emulsion to have improved stableness without prolonging the break time. However sufficient testing of the bitumen mix needs to take place both in the mix design phase and during construction trials. This will ensure the correct bitumen has been chosen.Another important consideration is the compatibility of the bitumen emulsion and the aggregate. This is because the type of bitumen chosen is influenced by the type of aggregate been treated. Certain materials are not suitable for catatonic treatment and others are not suitable for anionic treatment. The table below gives an indica tion of the compatibility of the emulsion with a aggregate.Aggregate TypeCompatible withCationic EmulsionAnionic EmulsionDoleriteYesYesQuartziteYesNoHornfels/GreywackeYesYesDolomiteYesYesGraniteYesNoTilliteYesVariableBasaltYesYesSyeniteYesNoAmphilboliteYesYesMarbleYesYesRhyoliteYesNoFelsiteYesNoSandstoneYesNoAndesiteYesYesFurthermore it is normally recommended that the undiluted bitumen emulsion is heat to between 50 and 60C. This will prevent premature breakage of the bitumen emulsion while pumping in the construction equipment. It is also important to note here that when diluting the emulsion the emulsion must be added to the water. This will prevent premature breaking.Foamed BitumenWhen it comes to foamed bitumen a softer grade of bitumen can be used without agree stability. This is because foamed bitumen only requires low percentages of bitumen in the mix. However like bitumen emulsion typical penetration values are between 80 and 100. Harder bitumen is normally avoided due t o the poor quality of foam it produces.There are two main properties that determine the suitability of the bitumen for foamed bitumen stabilisation. These are its Expansion Ratio and its Half-Life.The elaboration raito is a cake of the viscosity of the foam. This is what determines how well the bitumen will disperse through the mix. It is calculated by finding the ratio between the maximum volume of foam in kin to the original volume of bitumen.The half-life is a measure of the stability of the foam and provides an indication of the rate of take apart of the foam during mixing. It can be calculated by determining the time it takes for the foam to collapse to half its maximum volume. The table below shows the minum limits of the expansion ratio and the half-life of the bitumen.XXXThe greatest factor which will influencing the foam properties is the water injected into the expansion chamber. A greater injection of water will mean a higher expansion ratio, but this is offset by th e fact it will mean a short half-life as the foam will subsided faster. Furthermore a higher bitumen temperature is usually recommended as it will create a better quality foam.Active FillerThere are two types of fillers which can be used to improve the results of bitumen stabilisation these are active and natural fillers. An active filler is a filler which will chemically alter the mix properties. There are various active fillers which can be used, examples of these are cement hydrated lime and strike down ash. born(p) fillers are fillers such as rock flour.These fillers can be used either by themselves or in a combination with another filler. Their use will depend on their cost, efficacy during use and the materials availability. Research has shown that it is almost impossible to predict the effectiveness of a filler. The only way to gain an idea of their effect is to complete experiments using different mixes.Active fillers are added to the bitumen in order toIncrease the stiff ness of the mixIncrease the rate at which the mix will gain strengthImprove the dispersion of bitumen in the mixImprove adhesion between the bitumen and the aggregateImprove the lot time of the compaction mixAlong with these general improvements, there are specific benefits for both treatments. For Bitumen Emulsion a filler willControl the breaking time of the emulsionImprove the workability of the emulsionFor Foamed Bitumen a filler willAssist in dispersing the bitumen dropletsNatural fillers on the other hand only act as a supplement for a lack of fines in the material which is needed for dispersion.It is important to note that when adding an active filler the time between the bitumen is mixed and it application is dramatically reduced. When an active filler is added the reaction begings immediately when it comes into contact with moist material. The longer the delay between mixing and application the less the filler will work.WaterTo ensure a high quality harvest it is importan t that the water used in mixing meets certain standards. for each one technique requires different water qualities.Bitumen EmulsionFor bitumen emulsion the pH levels of the water are extremely important. For cationic bitumen the water cannot be alkaline. If it is hydrochloric acid can be used to decrease the waters pH.For anionic bitumen emulsion the opposite applies, the water cannot be too acidic. To make the water more alkaline lime or caustic soda can be added to the water.Foamed BitumenThe standards for foamed bitumen arent as high as they are for bitumen emulsion. It is acceptable for the water used to obligate some impurities, however this should be avoided. This is because the water can affect the mixing machinery.Specimen preparationMoistureMoisture plays an important part in using bitumen to stabilize material. The role that moisture plays in the two types of BSM is explained in the table below.ComponentBitumen EmulsionFoamed BitumenBitumenContributes to fluids for comp actionDoes not effectMoisture in aggregateReduces absorption of bitumen emulsion water into aggregateSeparates and suspends the fines making them available to bitumen during mixingPrevents premature breakingActs as a flattop for bitumen droplets during mixingExtends bent time and reduces early strengthReduces early strengthProvides workability at ambient temperaturesReduces friction angle and lubricates for compactionProvides shelf-life for the mixThe term for the best moisture content in the material is the optimum mixing moisture content or OMMC. It is important to note that for bitumen emulsion this moisture value is the moisture in the aggregate plus the moisture from the emulsion.The mental institution of modern rollers has allowed for high energy compaction. In the case of BSM this means a lower fluid content can be used to produce the same quality of compaction. This has the added benefit of increasing the strength of the BSM.Material PreparationBelow is the basic procedure for the material preparation involved in the mixing design.Determine the grading curve of the aggregate and its optimum moisture content of the natural materialDetermine the materials Atterberg LimitsDetermine the moisture and density relationship of natural material to obtain optimum moisture contentDetermine the moisture and density relationship of the treated material to obtain optimum moisture contentDetermine the moisture and density relationship using vibratory hammer compaction to obtain optimum moisture contentMixingIt is recommended that a pugmill mixer is used in both mixes. The use of different mixers can produce up to a 25% difference in strength. Experiments have found that the pugmill mixer provides the most general mix.CompactionCorrect compaction of the material is extremely important as it reduces the voids and improves particle contact. The use of bitumen emulsion will help improve the compatibility of the mix, while the use of foamed bitumen will promote the adh esion of the bitumen mastic to the stone.bandCuring is the process where the water is removed(p) from the compacted layer. Water can be removed from either evaporation, particle charge repulsion and pore-pressure induced flow paths. The reduction in moisture content will lead to an increased tensile and compressive strength as well as add stiffness to the mix. The band process is different for both methodsBitumen EmulsionIt is chemistry that controls the way bitumen emulsion treated material cures. By removing the water from the mix breaking of the emulsion occurs. To do this the water is removed by means of evaporation and migration. This curing will take longer than foamed bitumen curing, due to the higher moisture contents.Foamed BitumenThe curing of the foamed bitumen is a natural process. It is cured through the migration of water during compaction and continues as the water is evaporated.TestingThere are two main tests which are used to check the various mix designs, they are the Indirect Tensile Strength test and a Triaxial TestIndirect Tensile StrengthThis test is completed to measure the flexibility of the material and give an indication of its tensile strength. The table below gives a postulate for interpreting the results of the test.TestSpecimen Diameter (mm)BSM1BSM2BSM3PurposeITSdry (kPa)100225175-225125-175Indicates optimum bitumen contentITSwet (kPa)10010075-10050-75Indicates need for active fillerITSequil (kPa)150175135-17595-135Optimise bitumen contentITSsoaked (kPa)150150100-15060-100Check value on ITSwetTriaxial TestThis test is completed to meause the cohesion of the material, the friction angle and the retained cohesion. The table below gives a guide for interpreting the results of the test.Test or IndicatorBSM1BSM2BSM3Cohesion (kPa)250100-25050-100Friction slant ()4030-40Retained cohesion (MIST)7560-7550-60Structural DesignAs discussed in part XX the structural layers purpose is to protect the subgrade by dispersing the traffic loads. This means that the pavement structure and subgrade must work together to ensure the required design capacity.ConstructionFor both stabilizing methods once the material has been mixed into the material, the various construction operations are relavitivily the same as those if the material wasnt treat

Social democracy as a force in contemporary britain

sociable majority rule as a shove in contemporary britainIn this essay I leave alone elbow grease to firstly define Social earth and what advantages and disadvantages it brings to a fix. Then I get out move on to tapering how Social Democracy is dormant existent in spite of appearance contemporary Britain through the meaning of public pass on breeding and benefits. I will explore takes contemporary policies to show that socialist deliverance is still present in Labour. However I will then explain how the Labour society, which has its foundations in Socialism, has changed and moved towards the Third Party or New Labour which also appreciates capitalist aims. I will then argue that Britain is becoming more of a Capitalist rural area under New Labour and how globalisation has affected this.Giddens describe social democracy asSocial Democracy moderate, parliamentary socialism built upon consolidating the welf ar republic. (Giddens. A, 1998, p4)He recognised how Soc ial Democracy differed to Marxism.Social Democracy saw free go afteret capitalism as producing some(prenominal) of the problematic effects Marx diagnosed, but believed these can be muted or overcome by state preventative. (Giddens. A, 1998, p8)The advantage of Social Democracy is that Socialism uses the eudaimonia state to abolish exploitation within the market administration and destroy the division of society in household groups. They aim to attract up all inequalities whether its scotch or political using state intervention when learned. (Przeworski. A, 1985, p29) This gives everyone an equal start in life.Giddens told of the state intervention as government intervening in family or soul life when needed. Social democracy saw that there was a vital need for state benefits to answer those who atomic number 18 unable to fend for themselves. (Giddens. A, 1998, p9) The advantage of this is that it pen ups the income gap amidst the several(predicate) classes.However Giddens coined the main disadvantage of a Social Democratic state.The economic theory of Socialism was always inadequate, underestimating the capacity of Capitalism to innovate, hold and knuckle under increasing productivity. Socialism failed to grasp the significance of markets as informational devices, providing essential info for buyers and sellers. (Giddens. A, 1998, p4-5)In the Labour revolution of 1945-1951 Britain was a planned economy, nationalised industry and grow welf atomic number 18 state, a Social Democratic state. (Reitan.E.A, 2003, p27) However toward the 1970s Britain go more or little lowlyest productivity within the major industrial states, superior unemployment and inflation. in that location was unwillingness of workers to move around to find employment. Managers were also slow in introducing technology that would improve productivity. (Reitan. E.A, 2003, p141) this shows that at that time the British state was unable to keep up with the market changes and generate additiond productivity financial backing up Giddens claim that Socialism is unable to change magnitude productivity and adapt to the market. (Giddens. A, 1998, p4-5)thither are characteristics of the welfare state within contemporary Britain. We consider the state still providing free education. Just late there are reports saying that there have been increased pass on education. The figures showed that the pass has been increasing for more than 50 years.http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8562405.stmThe graphical record below shows the figures of increased public spending on education.Education spending(Derived from http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8562405.stm)The graph shows how in the U.K. the state is spending money on education has increased from 50% to almost cxl% in 2005-2006. Spending money on education in the UK will giving everyone an equal start in life and removing inequalities which are characteristics of a social democracy. (Przeworski. A, 1985, p29)Another demonstration of a Social Democracy within contemporary Britain is the benefit governing body. The British government provide benefits for those who are disabled, low income, unemployed, have dependent children, aged over 60, pregnant or recently had a child and those who are caring for another.http//www.direct.gov.uk/en/MoneyTaxAndBenefits/BenefitsTaxCreditsAndOtherSupport/index.htm This is a clear indicator of Socialist practise as they are using the welfare state to eliminate the inequalities within a state. (Przeworski. A, 1985, p29) By providing people who are less off with benefits it closes the gap that Capitalism has created for them. (Giddens. A, 1998, p8)Britains current government Labour still has policies that are indicators of Social Democracy.We want to rebuild trust in politicsput more power in the hands of individual citizens so that they can influence the decisions which affect themselves, their families and local communitieshttp//www. turn over.org.uk/ democracy_and_citizenshipThis aims to equal chances to express individual opinions. This ensures that power isnt just given to a certain class and that it is equally distributed between the classes. http//www.labour.org.uk/democracy_and_citizenship at that place are also ways of creating comparability between genders.Introduced the National Minimum Wage deuce ternions of the beneficiaries are women and it has compete a substantial part in narrowing the gender chip in gap.http//www.labour.org.uk/EqualitiesLabour believes everyone is entitled to equality. They aim to be fair to those regardless of gender, disability, knowledgeable orientation, age, race, religion or belief.http//www.labour.org.uk/Equalities This demonstrates Social Democracys existence within contemporary Britain. merely there are clear indicators that the British state is moving remote from Socialism. Currently Britain is under the Labour Party governance. Social Democracy essentially underpins the British L abour Party with the Labour Parties motto A upcoming fair for all.http//www.labour.org.uk/future-fair-for-all This clearly indicates that their main aim is for equality within the British state. However there has been speculation.The evidence shows that labour has become split into two clearly differentiated constituencies those with secure employment (insiders) and those without (outsiders).http//www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/politicalscience/9780199216352/toc.html?q=There has been speculation that theres a new labour party. This was fall uponn arising when Blair was in power. The new labour seemed to embrace capitalism and abandoned classical social democracy for the third way revised social democracy. (Driver. S, Martell. L, 2006, p26)The Third style was used to mark out Labours departure from the politics of the Social Democratic state, signifying a reconfiguration of relationships between the economy and state. (Newman. J, 2001, p40)The Third course is in fav our of growth, entrepreneurship, and enterprise and wealthiness creation. It also values social justice. http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/458626.stm However we see how the Labour Party who once was based on Social Democracy edge away and heading towards Capitalism.However does contemporary Britain still value social justice over Capitalism under the Third Way? In recent times we see demeaned public spending.Weve already spent 4bn less on unemployment benefits and income support for the unemployed than was anticipated. Comment Alistair loved to the BBC.http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8406670.stmWe see dishonored welfare spending which raises questions slightly Labours a fair future for all. However New Labour sees this less as a social right and more about own(prenominal) responsibility and social duty.http//www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/politicalscience/9780199266722/acprof-9780199266722-chapter-2.html?q=acprof-9780199266722-chapter-2 This clearly sho ws how the Third Way governance is prioritising economic issues over social issues.The contemporary British state however has many characteristics of a Capitalist state. Globalisation has also contributed to the partitioning of welfare state in contemporary Britain.We see now that repayable to globalisation instead of business fighting over market allocate but now we see states fighting. States remain interested in natural selection at the very least, and pursuing power at the most. (Aydinli. E, Rosenau. J.N, 2005, p127)Globalisation is draw as the denationalisation of politics (Aydinli. E, Rosenau. J.N, 2005, p127) which essentially means that states are no longer deciding policies that benefit them but in fact they slay policies that suit globalisation.The emergence of a global market economy and the need for global competitiveness have handed neo liberalism a strong new weapon with which to contain and neutralise the counter pressures of domestic politics. (Mishra. R, 1999 , p3)There is also the belief of the hyperglobalisation thesis where states believe that if their state does not increase incentives for businesses to invest in their state businesses will go elsewhere. States are continuously competing for foreign investment. Therefore they lower corporation tax to increase the incentive. (Ravenhill. J, 2008, p343)So now we see states producing policies that are business chummy. State aims are to lower inflation and a steady currency which is argued to attract businesses as lower inflation would mean lower raw materials for businesses and steady currency means there is less of a risk for the business to be exposed to fluctuations in exchange rates. (Mishra. R, 1999, p5) States constantly fighting over investment has caused them to adventure domestic policies.The incremental tightening of domestic environmental policies has sometimes been hold up or blocked for the fear of incurring economic competitive disadvantages. (Holden. B, 2000, p186)Thi s shows that states are more concerned about economic growth and not about equality within the social classes.Not surprisingly a higher(prenominal) level of insecurity, poverty and equality has become accepted in many countriesthe retreat from the mixed economy and the welfare state is visible everyplace with the Anglo Saxon countries leading the way. (Mishra. R, 1999, p3)A good demonstration of the British state favouring Capitalism over Socialism is recently to the bank crisis. We see the state pouring money into the financial sector instead of using it to close the gap of inequality. http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7666570.stmIt could also be argued that the states increase spending in educationhttp//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8562405.stm is rigorously for Capitalist reasons.Better-educated workers are likely to be more productive at their own jobs they may, at the same time, raise the productivity of their colleaguestheir importance has expensive implications for the role of public financing as well as for the establishment of education. (Miles. D, Myles. G.D, Preston. I, 2003, p121)States invest in human capital to make their domestic manpower more productive. They also benefit an increase in technological progress. States with high economic activity are generally those with a state financed education system. (Miles. D, Myles. G.D, Preston. I, 2003, p121) This can be used to argue that Britains public spending on education is purely for Capitalist reasons and not Socialist. Therefore indicating Britains welfare system is Capitalist based.In conclusion I think the British state still had characteristics of a social democracy but with the changes in the economy due to globalisation states has started to prioritise the market over social equality. The contemporary British state produces too many policies that are Capitalist friendly and they have became even clearer with the recent recession. We see Britain moving away from a Social Democratic state towards a more market compulsive Capitalist state.

Auditor Predecessor Successor

Auditor Predecessor re in the altogetheralQuestion What is the purpose of precursor- permutation canvasor communications? Which party, the herald or refilling auditor, has the responsibility for initiating these communications? Briefly summarize the entropy that a successor auditor should obtain from the precursor auditor.The purpose of the antecedent-successor auditor communications is to service an auditor determine if a firm should engage with a new guest. This communication will inform the auditor about the history of the client with the previous auditor and possibly expose some reading that would put forward that evaluate this client is nary(prenominal) in the best interest of the firm. In recent times it has become important to carefully choose with whom a firm engages in an accordance with for representing them as their auditor. none only is the firms personality at stake but they can be held liable for their clients duplicitous activities.The Auditing Standar ds Board has issued a Statement on Auditing Standards Number 84 in October of 1997. SAS No. 84 replaced the SAS No. 7 which has the same title and was write to update the statement to the present environment. SAS No. 84 defines the compulsory communications between the predecessor and successor auditor before pass judgment an fight what to do when the predecessor limits the responses to the successor contains sample client consent and an cite letter and a successor auditor acknowledgement letter. M any of the certified public accountant firms use caution when accepting new clients and go through a detailed procedure before accepting a new client. This is unavoidable to protect the firm from potential prox liabilities based on their clients activities.SAS No. 84 made several modifications or improvements to SAS No. 7 which imply communications prior to engaging with the client, discusses the usage and geeks of working paper, discusses the use of assorted types of correspon dence letters for the predecessor-successor with examples, and outlines actions that the successor should follow if the financial statements are fix to be misstated.This Statement was then amended by no. 93 because the statement didnt address the case where an auditor started an audit but didnt free it. SAS No. 93 clarifies the explanation of the predecessor auditor to include this situation. The definition was refined to include any auditor who is engaged to perform an audit but does not complete it.In the ZZZZ scoop up case study, Greenspan was an item-by-item auditor that completed an audit of the ZZZZ Best Company in 1986. He used analytical techniques to look at the financial data and he confirmed the existence of their jobs by reviewing their rolls. After extent of the audit, Minkow that owned the ZZZZ Best Company dismissed Greenspan and retained Ernst Whinney as the companys auditor. A congressional subcommittee was examine into the predecessor-successor communicati ons that occurred when this transition occurred. When the congressional subcommittee asked what development he provided to the successor auditor, Greenspan was express Nothing. I did there was nothing because they neer got in tough with me. Its communications protocol for the new accountant to get in touch with the old accountant. They never got in touch with me, and its still a mystery to me.According to SAS no. 84, the successor cannot accept the new client until they dupe communicated with the predecessor and have reviewed their responses. Even though the successor is required to initiate the communication, the predecessor is required to respond. The predecessor is required to get permission from the client before providing any information about the client. This means that there is a possibility that the predecessor will state that they will not be providing any information but they must respond stating this. If the predecessor doesnt provide any information, this to the hi ghest degree likely means that the client doesnt want them to disclose some potentially harmful information about the client and raises some concerns about accepting the new client.In the ZZZZ Best Company case, Ernst Whinney said that they communicated with Greenspan prior to accepting ZZZZ Best as an audit client. They didnt state any details associate to the communication and Greenspan did not confirm this communication. Even if Ernst Whinney did initiate communication with Greenspan, presumption that neither one confirmed the details of what was communicated means that Ernst Whinney didnt follow demand of reviewing the predecessor responses before accepting the client.The successor auditor should obtain information that will help decide whether to accept the client as their auditor. The type of information that the successor auditor should be inquiring about is colligate to the fair play of the management and any disagreements that the predecessor had with the management over story or auditing procedures. If theres has been issues with management integrity or concerns about their integrity from the predecessor auditor, it most likely will be an ongoing concern which whitethorn cause problems in the future. Also, if the predecessor auditor had disagreements with the client about accounting system or auditing procedures then it would best to discuss these procedures with the client before get-go the engagement with the client.An early(a) item that the successor auditor should request is retrieve to the predecessors working text file. SAS no. 84 includes a list of the working document ordinarily made available to the successor, including documentation of planning, internal control, audit results and other matters of continuing accounting and auditing significance.1 The predecessor may limit the gravel to this working papers for reasons such as confidentiality agreements or litigations. These working papers provide the good insight into the clien t and give exposure to the predecessor and clients working arrangements. They will be the fastest and most detailed information for evaluating the client.When responding to the successor after the initial communication, the predecessor may request a written agreement disclosing the terms of what they disclose. They may request that the successor carry on the information confidential and agree not to engage in litigations against the predecessor related to the material disclosed.Another item they should discuss is the reasons for the change in auditors. This information could show some insight into any management integrity issues if the predecessor auditor withdrew as the auditor.The successor will need to document the communications with the predecessor. They should document when the communications occurred, the results of the communications, and details of what material was disclosed. Even though the communications may be oral instead of written, it is good serve to document the details of what communications were made and the nature of the communications. SAS No. 84 doesnt require the documentation of this communications but the successor auditors working papers should show the details of communications that occurred.The predecessor-successor auditor communications is the key to ascertain if the firm should accept the new client. This communication will allow profound information to be gathered in determining whether to proceed into an agreement or not. The success auditor must initiate the communication with the predecessor. The completion of this exchange of information is vital to protect the firm from potential future liabilities based on their clients activities.

Effect of Schemas on Understanding the Social World

Effect of Schemas on Understanding the Social terra firmaZoe CrackettWITH REFERENCE TO RELEVANT RESEARCH STUDIES EVALUATE THE EXTENT TO WHICH OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE social WORLD IS CONSTRAINED BY OUR SCHEMASThisp1 assay looks to assess the degree to which our intelligence of the social initiation is driven by how our knowledge is brought together and presented to ourselves. bartlett (1932) employ the concept of system, which has been defined for this essay, to explain how people dejection vociferate on subconscious categorisations. Buchanan et al (2009) accept that precistic bear upon is both(prenominal) efficient and an trenchant method of ensureing but pre-existing precis muckle mean that the processing is constrained. Cognitive psychologists are concerned with how people perceive others, situations and egresss within their own social world. To explore the claim the essay uses studies where schema and expectations have been tested such as Bartlett (1932) war of the Ghosts story as well as how what we expect nookie be wrong.Fritz Heider was one of the first psychologists to study social cognition in call of (how) understanding how people make sense of the social world relates to (concatenation not sure what this word is) of events. Heider and Simmel (1944) used a series of cartoons to demonstrate how flummox and effect models. In the study participants were asked to describe what they saw in the cartoons. In the first host participants were asked just to describe what they saw whilst the other both groups were asked to describe what they saw as if the objects were people. The third group saw the cartoons play backwards. Heider and Simmel found that all but one of the participants in the first group exposit the cartoons using human terms. In this way Heider claims that people manage as nave psychologists by trying to make sense of events or people by looking for predictability using cause and effect (Heider and Simmel, cited in Buchanan et al, 2009, p60-61).The term schema defines a type of cognitive structure that whitethorn present itself as a typical object or event that a soul has knowledge of this allows the person to process the object or event and act or react accordingly. A person uses schema when they perceive situations and other people to aid them in responding to them. Bartlett (1932) used the term schema when describing how English people retold a Native Ameri wad folk tale but each time the tale was retold it would permute to be more than English. Detail from the original tale would be omitted where it may be thought of as not applic adequate to(p) or altered to something more familiar that the teller was able to relate to (Bartlett, cited in Brace and Roth, 2009, pp131-132p2).Social psychologists have identified person,role and event schema. These are psychical structures that a person uses that hold knowledge on different types of people, say behaviour and social situations respect ively. The knowledge allows for generalisation of the object or event. For fashion model in Buchanan et al (2009) reference is made to a TV mercantileized taken with four different camera angles.In the first coolness a white youth with a shaven head erosion combat trousers and Doc Marten boots is seen running. From the first shooting the assumption of skinhead can be used as the description is that which would be attributed to a skinhead. This in turn would lead to thoughts relating to criminal behaviour such as belligerence and violence. The second shot shows the youth running towards a man who is cleverly dressed. Through the final two shots the viewer is given two more camera angles and sees further in castingation. By the time the viewer sees the fourth shot they may have already formed the opinion that the youth is qualifying to beleaguer the smartly dressed man. However the fourth shot shows the full(a) picture to the viewer the youth was not running towards the man to assault him but is intent on pushing him out of the way of a pallet of bricks that is about to fall and injure him (Buchanan et al, 2009 p6364).Buchanan et al (2009) have described schema as generalised representations. In the case of the skinhead youth in the above example the generalisation has also invoked stereotypical perceptions that people find out on to others. Buchanan et al claim these generalisations leave room for some form of variation nevertheless it is not explained how stereotypes are learned. Sometimes how something is perceived can be inaccurate. Tajfel stated that it is possible to over generalise and as a return have a tendency to stereotype (Buchanan et al p66p3).An constitutive(a) feature of schema is that the knowledge they contain is defined as divided knowledge in other words it is not just special(a) to a person or event. Schema necessarily knowledge to be shared in order that it is effective. Schema is self-confirming. By providing expectations based on what a person thinks they know or understand to be true, what is actually presented can be distorted, as in the Bartlett experiment. By self-confirming it supports the claim that schema constrain peoples understanding of the social world (Buchanan et al, 2009, pp65-68).In an experiment by Darley and perfect(a) (1983) college students were shown a video tape of a part called Hannah and asked to critique her academic ability. The students were introduced to her as being either from a superior or low socio-economic status. Some students were also shown a video of Hannah say a set of questions in an oral exam. Whilst there was no apparent pattern as to whether Hannah was answering more questions correctly or incorrectly those that saw Hannah as higher socio-economic status as well as the exam judged her to have higher academic ability. Darley and Gross surmised that although the training can be the same information is processed according to expectations (Darley and Gros s, cited in Buchanan et al, 2009).The Darley and Gross study demonstrates how schema can simplify lots of information, this also allows relevant information to be extracted more quickly. A person simply needs to access processing knowledge in order for that person to understand what is happening however as demonstrated by the tv commercial showing the youth if only one part is shown the subsequent response can be inaccurate and the person may look for ratify posts from within their own expectations rather than taking cues from their present environment. As such that person makes a fundamental attribution error (FAE) (Buchanan et al p75).Kahneman and Tversky (1973) explored how FAEs can be made easily. They used short vignettes to describe a plain random person. The participants were given deliberately vague descriptions of a person and they were asked to judge the likelihood that the person described was a lawyer. Participants were told that the person described had herald from a room of people where either seventy or 30 per cent were lawyers. In both conditions the participants gave the probability the person described was a lawyer was fifty per cent. The participants ignored relevant information that they had been given and concentrate on the descriptions they read (Kahneman and Tversky cited in Buchanan et al, 2009)In conclusion schema assists a person to cut out a lot of irrelevant information and process other detail quickly, however as a result other important information can be accidentally discarded. For schema to work they require knowledge to be shared with others so that everyone is able to respond. People make assumptions based on what they think they know and go for it to the situations they see. As demonstrated by the TV commercial unless a person sees the all the information at the same time their judgements can be wrong but also it demonstrates, through the extra pieces of information on each shot, that they can be changed. Generally sche ma can work well as left to their own devices it is possible for a person to make errors in judgement. The claim made by Buchanan et al (2009) is that a person is compelled to make a judgement in the social world based on pre-existing patterns of thought is to some extent correct, however the person also has the ability to change.1329 wordsReferencesBrace, N. and Roth, I. (2009) Memory structures, processes and skills in Miell, D., Phoenix, A. and Thomas, K. (eds) have 1 display and Chapters 6 9 DSE212 Mapping Psychology. Milton Keynes, Open University pp 111 clxxBuchanan, K., Anand, P., Joffe, H. and Thomas, K. (2009) Perceiving and understanding the social world in Miell, D., Phoenix, A. and Thomas, K. (eds) Book 1 Introduction and Chapters 6 9 DSE212 Mapping Psychology. Milton Keynes, Open University pp 57 1091p1An effective introduction which states the issue and states how you mean to tackle the essayp2Good use of picture to support your point here.p3Good use of this ex ample to illustrate how schematic processing can produce generalisations and stereotyping.

Physical Demands In Handball Physical Education Essay

strong-arm Demands In Hand lummox visible fosterage EssayIndian carnal education has covered a longsighted distance from ancient to modern period, during this period it has faced so more problems.1 In ancient term Indian naughtys and sports were very(prenominal) much bear on close to the education of the physique and for the art of offence and defense. The indorses were excessively count aned for the sweet of recreation, which vie a vital government agency in the development of a mans personality. bizs and sports, music, fishing, boating, singing dancing and water sports, had compete all- grievous(a) role in the life of human macrocosm.2Physical Demands in Hand bollockHand clustering is an majestic sport contend professionally in m whatever an(prenominal) countries. In spite of professionalization, this crippled exigency to scientific information to increased handball players execution of instrument. This can be collect to many reasons, one of them is tha t rough of the seek which has been conducted in this subject has been published in tocopherolern European countries and is not readily accessible to the sport accomplishment community. some other reason can be attributed to the conservative approach of most coaches towards physical conditioning for handball players.Modem handball is a exuberant game, characterized by incredible athletic cognitive operations by suspensors. In fact, modern handball players argon able to perform many contrasting moves like jumping, running, commute of directions and technical movements in very scant(p) time and with an society determined by the tactical situation. finders run with and without the ball, in line and with different paths, jumping, thro deliver the goodsg, passing and receiving in motion or during fledge represent the technical characteristics of a modem top handball player. Then, to excel at the highest levels, it is crucial that sight methodologies atomic effect 18 unquestionable on simple basis specificity. The adpressed to the demands of the performance, the better the training is. To obey to the law of specificity we lose to know just now what are the physiological demands of handball performance.Research in HandballHandball pair offes collapse duration of 60 proceeding divided in two halves lasting 30 minutes each. During this time players cover a summate distance ranging from 2000 to 6000 meters, found upon different situations eyeshot on the field, tactical defensive and offensive characteristics of the police squad and characteristics of the game itself and so far and so forth. In a work presented by Cuesta (1988) handball players of the Spanish subject area team switch assignn to cover the interest distances based upon playing position Left wing-3557 meters, Right wing-4083 meters, Left back-3464 meters, Right back-2857 meters, pin player- 3531 meters. The above-mentioned distances are close to the ones recorded in Konzak Schake (in Cuesta, 1988) related to DDR players. In a athletic field conducted in Italy with a specific apparatus Play Controller, (Phromos, Perugia) 5000 meters were covered by a right wing during an official match of the Italian Second league.It is important to affirm the total displacement of players on the field is affected by many different parameters. Tactical disposition, position on the field, characteristics of the match itself, are all factors which in some path can affect the amount of space covered by the players on the field. However, what is important to say is that handball players cover the total distance alternating high-intensity actions (sprinting, fast direction changes, jumping) with game phases characterized by relatively low metabolous demands due to the low intensity of the actions. It can be said then that the metabolic demands of modern handball involve the aerobic and anaerobic energy path moods. As a supportive evidence, Konzak and Schacke (in Cuesta, 1988), have shown that, during a Handball match, players perform 190 rhythm variations, 279 change of direction and 16 jumps. Then, based upon what these authors say, a handball player performs a total 485 high-intensity movements in 60 minutes and average of 8 per minute, above results show that handball players require lot of physical capacity during match situation.Necessity of assessment in HandballTeam handball is a complex sport, which requires players to have well true aerobic and anaerobic capacities Motor ability such as a sprinting, jumping, flexibility and throwing velocity represent physical activities are considered as important aspects of the game and contribute to the high performance of the team. Successful performance requires explosive power of the leg and arms, sprinting velocity and kinaesthetic feeling in ball control. On the other hand in a modern time handball players model specific anthropometric characteristics play a supportive role in sustaining bette r performance of athletes under the actual competitory condition. Specifically, body, height, body mass, palm span and palm length are important in improving athletes performance and are considered as basic measuring rod for athletes excerpt in various playing position. Specific skills in addition considered as the fundamental and important aspects of the game. First consideration in the training course of take away in handball must be presumptuousness to skill.3AAHPER, one of the well cognize institute regarding health, physical education and recreation in America also do survey about skill interrogatory and norms. Skill test and norms always help the players to rate their performance in the game and to picture an impetus to improvements. Need of rating of Handball players.4Need of evaluation of Handball PlayersAs comparability to other games handball is most popular and fastest game in the knowledge base. It demand good physical organize, physical fitness and skil l. For handball game it is quite ambitious to pronounce the player because coach, pickax committee, physical education teachers have to consider the above aspects. military rank of the players is the important process for teaching and coaching, finished evaluation, a coach, option committee members, physical educator and players know the draw backs of their games. At the time of evaluation coach advice players to improve the draw backs in their games. Hence, the coach, alternative committee member and players must be aware of some evaluation techniques, which enable him to round the fitness and skill objectively and classify them ab initio as well as by measuring the progress made by them.Handball players require good physical fitness, good body structure and good fundamental skill of handball for top performance in handball.5 Evaluation of sportsman is a must to identify their area of weaknesses and figureed training model for improving specific athlete deficiencies. It a lso helps to follow the athlete improvement during training and game session. There are various tests for physical activities and games which help to measure the playing abilities of the players in different games. The test helps the players to evaluate their performance, predict future performance, indicate weakness, place the athlete in inhibit training programme or training group, motivate the athlete and to domiciliate an incentive for improvement. The tests also help the flight simulators, coaches, selection committee to measure players performance and to evaluate their own coaching procedure and programme. These, tests should be used For the selection process, but unfortunately at the time of selection, selection committee just now consider performance of the player on the basis of single game situation as a selection criterion. Unavailability of proper norms for selection of senior handball players in Maharashtra and in India is one of the main the reason of it. So the res earcher has decided to conduct the canvas entitled Reforms in the Norms of survival of the fittest procedure for Maharashtra State Senior Level Male Players in Handball Game1.1. score of HandballAncient HistoryGame including the hand and a ball looks back on a unbelievably long tradition. Even if the rules and the way of playing were hardly in line with todays handball, the Urania game played by the Greek which had already been mentioned in Homers Odyssey or Harpaston played by the Romans described by Claudius Galenus (AD 110 200) among others whitethorn definitely be characterized as prototype of todays handball. Such precursors also existed in todays Central Europe. Minnesingers Walther von der Vogelweide (1170 1230) sang about a, catch ball game, whereas in the 16th century, the Frank Rabelais described a affable of game in which the hands were used for playing the ball. Another game similar to handball was played by Greenlands Intuits at the end of the eighteenth century . The actual beginnings of the game of handball didnt develop until the end of the 19th century. A alike(p) game was held in Nyborg (Denmark) in 1897. From that point on, fixed rules for ball games played between teams emerged. Games such as Treibball played against or over a border (Grenzball or Raffball, Konigsberger Ball) were well-known. Moreover, there were games towards baskets or against nets (German netball, nevjall. Turmball ), and later on games towards goals without ball control. Players were not allowed to run with the ball and to hold it perennial than triple seconds (Handball 1906 in Sweden, Neuer Raffball, Torball). Further development include games towards goals with ball control. In this case, players were allowed to run three steps with the ball or to hold it for three seconds. A kind of game from the Czech Republic was called Hazena, a form of field handball which already included the division of the playing field into three parts characterizing field handball. However, countries such as Denmark, Germany and Sweden are considered as the real handball pioneers of modern times.6 advance(a) DevelopmentField handball was pushed by German gymnastics teacher so that, alongside handball, it became popular as an alternative to football, especially for women. In 1917, max Heiser formulated the initiative official handball rules for women. Two classs later, Karl Schelenz added the rules for the men. In the 20s, handball became a national sport.On the occasion of a meeting in The Hague (Netherlands) in 1926, the Congress of the planetary Amateur Athletics partnership appointed a commission for the elaboration of international playing rules for field handball. In 1928, the internationalist Amateur Handball Federation (IAHF) was founded in Amsterdam on the occasion of the IX Olympic Games. unrivaled of the foundation members was Avery Brundage (USA) who later became IOC President in 1933 handball was included in the Olympic Programme. At the XI Olympic Games in Berlin, horde Germany won the final and therefore the coin medal in the displace rain in front of an audience of 100.000 people, beating Austria 106. One year after the end of World War II, representatives of eight nations met in Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, and launched the International Handball Federation (IHF). It is considered founded on 11 July 1946. The nations involved in the foundation are Denmark, Finland, France, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden and Switzerland. In 1960, the last Womens Outdoor World funding was played whereas the last Mens Outdoor World backup took place in 1996. At the XXXII Congress in Cairo, which has been the last official one so far, 167 member federations were counted. By now, handball is being played in 183 countries and the descend of teams amounts to approximately 800,000.1.2. History of Asian Handball FederationThe march of the Asian Handball Federation had began when the Martyr Shaikh Fahad Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah h ead of the capital of capital of capital of Kuwaiti delegation to the seventh Asian games, capital of Iran Iran 1974, presented a motion to the Executive Committee of the Asian Gamess requesting recognition of the handball game and also formation of the Asian Handball Federation. Consequently, in 1976, Handball Federations from all over Asia were invited to realize the establishment meeting during which representatives from fourteen Asian countries. Since its establishment in year 1974, AHF activities have been progressively expanding as its strategy has been focused on development and expansion of the handball game in the Asian continent. AHF members have been also actively involved in the remarkable achievements throughout the way.7 tabular array 1.1 result of Asian Handball ChampionshipSr. No formHost express of matter grand silver tan11977Kuwait lacquerKoreaChina21979China lacquerChinaKuwait31983KoreaKoreaJapanKuwait41987JordanKoreaJapanKuwait51989ChinaKoreaJapanKuwait61991 JapanKoreaJapanChina71993BahrainKoreaKuwaitJapan81995KuwaitKuwaitKoreaBahrain92000JapanKoreaChinaJapan102002IranKuwaitQatarSaudi- Arabia112004QatarKuwaitJapanQatar122006ThailandKuwaitKoreaQatar112008IranKoreaKuwaitSaudi- Arabia142010LebanonKoreaBahrainJapan152012JeddahProposed1.3. World ChampionshipIn 1938, the first Indoor Handball World Championship was played in the Deutschlandhalle in Berlin. This first Tournament was held with only four participating teams. The first field handball WC was held in July of the same year in Berlin and other German cities, which was also won by Germany who were then Olympic champions (in 1936) and dual world champions. Both WC tournaments were administered by the IAHF (International Amateur Handball Federation), the forerunner organization of 1946 founded IHF, which was founded in 1928, and meant to be celebrational events for the l0th birthday of the Organization.The first World Championship took place in Germany in 1938, involving four teams from Europe. Throughout their history, the World Championships has been dominated by European teams any medals have yet to be won by non-Europeans.8Table 1.2Result of Handball World ChampionshipsSr. No.YearHost Country favorableSilverBronze11938GermanyGermanyAustriaSweden21954SwedenSwedenWest GermanyCzechoslovakia31958East GermanySwedenCzechoslovakiaGermany41961West GermanyRomaniaCzechoslovakiaSweden51964CzechoslovakiaRomaniaSwedenCzechoslovakia61967SwedenCzechoslovakiaDenmarkRomania71978DenmarkWest GermanySoviet trade unionEast Germany81982West GermanySoviet unificationYugoslaviaPoland91986SwitzerlandYugoslaviaHungaryEast Germany101990CzechoslovakiaSwedenSoviet UnionRomania111993SwedenRussiaFranceSweden121995IcelandFranceCroatiaSweden111997JapanRussiaSwedenFrance141999EgyptSwedenRussiaYugoslavia152001FranceFranceSwedenYugoslavia162003PortugalCroatiaGermanyFrance172005TunisiaSpainCroatiaFrance182007GermanyGermanyPolandDenmark192009CroatiaFranceCroatiaPoland202011SwedenFranceDenmarkSpa in212011SpainProposed1.4. Handball in OlympicsAfter 1936, field handball was no longer played at the games Indoor handball was presented for the first time at the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich.The introduction of womens handball to the Games took place in 1976 in Montreal. The Soviet Union won this first womens Olympic competition, taking home two gold medals after the 11-team mens competition and the six-team womens one.9Table 1.3Result of Handball Olympics ChampionshipsSr.No.YearHost CountryGoldSilverBronze11936BerlinGermanyAustriaSwitzerland21948-1968 Not include in Olympic programme31972MunichYugoslaviaCzechoslovakiaRomania41976MontrealSoviet UnionRomaniaPoland51980MoscowEast GermanySoviet UnionRomania61984Los AngelesYugoslaviaWest GermanyRomania71988SeoulSoviet Union southwest KoreaYugoslavia81992BarcelonaUnified TeamSwedenSpine91996AtlantaCroatiaSwedenFrance102000SydneyRussiaSwedenSpain112004AthensCroatiaGermanyRussia122008BeijingFranceIcelandSpain132012LondonFranceSwedenCroati a1.5. History of Handball in IndiaIn India, handball has become famous among other sports played at Schools, colleges, university, clubs and professionally. It is world second fastest game and always considered as a high fitness, perception, speed, timing, accuracy and agility. With its rules and regulation and playing set up is being popularly played in India. It is a devoting and challenging game. Indian athletes also represent National and International competitions in this game but lake of scientific Training, Knowledge, dirty politics, quota system research based information the results of handball players are very poor in international area. Handball entered India in early seventies with filed recital (11 a side) outdoor game and Indian handball federation was formed in 1971, with 16 states as its units was played in its infant days in India, first senior national championship held at Haryana (Rohatak). Soon it imbue all over the country but state like Punjab, Haryana, Jammu -Kashmir, A.P and Maharashtra have edge over other states as far as standards and popularity of handball in India, On interpret IHF 33 units (States, Boards, Steel arranges and Railways) Punjab Police, function C.I.C.F, C.R.P.F Professional team which dominated handball Scene the country.The place of this game in Asian was given in 1982 which was held in India at Delhi. This game was included all India-Inter University in 1979-80 and first All India Inter University held at Nagpur, Nagpur university won the Gold Medal, Silver Medal was won by Punjab, Bronze Medal was won by Osmania and Kurukshetra University got fourth place in men section. Women section Nagpur University P.A.U. University and Bombay University were bagged Gold, Silver and Bronze accordingly. Handball was included is a National games. run, Punjab, Haryana, Jammu-Kashmir, Kerala, A.P and Maharashtra these states have given many International players to India. Indian team has put downd at various international to urnaments. Out of which India could win Second youth kingdom handball championship held at Dhaka in 1995 after being runner up in 1990 at youthful Delhi, youth team also got second Place in 1997 commonwealth youth handball championship held at Edinburgh U.K. Apart from participation of India team some in club teams like run, Punjab police, SAI, Gujarat and National Handball academy club participate in championship held at Malaysia, southeasterly Africa and Cochin. service Handball team participated in world military Games. Punjab Police team remained runners up in South Africa. After infusion of handball events in police arena, it has generated more competition in national and state championships. Presently services team is the senior national champion. Similarly handball was introduced Maharashtra in 1972 at Nagpur and first handball state championship held at Nagpur. Since handball is most popular team game in Maharashtra and provides many prize International players. Present ly Pune District team was champion of State Championship.10Table 1.4Result of Handball National ChampionshipsSr. No.YearHost CountryGoldSilverBronze1.1972RothakHaryanaA.P.2.1973HyderabadA.P.U.P.3.1973PunePunjabBiharJ K4.1975BangaloreBiharA.P.J K5.1976JamshedpurI.A.F.Bihar6.1977NizamabadI.A.F.Bihar7.1978ShrinagarI.A.F.J K8.1979HyderabadI.A.F.A.P.9.1979LudhianaI.A.F.MaharashtraJ K10.1980JammuI.A.F.Maharashtra11.1981HyderabadI.A.F.J K12.1982DelhiI.A.F.MaharashtraA.P.13.1983Wardha14.1985QuilonI.A.F.A.P.Punjab15.1986BhadreswarServicesMaharashtraJ K16.1986BilaspurServicesSteel limitsPunjab17.1987J KServicesSteel PlantPunjab18.1988JaipurServicesSteel PlantHaryana19.1990HissarJ KServicesHaryana20.1991BhilaiServicesSteel PlantPunjab21.1992ShimogaServicesSteel PlantJ K22.1992BilaspurServicesSteel PlantJ K23.1993Ludhiana24.1994LucknowServicesSteel PlantU.P.25.1994JamshedpurServicesKarnatakaPunjab26.1995WarangalServicesPunjabSteel Plant27.1996NagpurServicesPunjabSteel Plant28.1997Jal landar29.1997TrivandrumServicesSteel PlantPunjab30.1998VijayawadaServicesM.P.J K31.1999PuneServicesRajasthanM.P.32.2000Calicut33.2001BhilaiM.P.ServicesPunjab34.2002JammuJ KChhattisgarhServices35.2003BhilaiChhattisgarhRajasthanServices36.2004RenikotPunjabChhattisgarhServices37.2004JamshedpurJharkhandSSCBChhattisgarh38.2005BhilaiChhattisgarhKeralaPunjab39.2006LudhianaPunjabSSCBChhattisgarh40.2007BilaspurPunjabSSCBChhattisgarh41.2008BangaloreSSCBChhattisgarhPunjab42.2009VishakhapatnamSSCBPunjabChhattisgarh43.2010KolkataChhattisgarhSSCBPunjab44.2011IndoreSSCBPunjabDelhi1.6. Statement of the ProblemsOn the basis of overall observations, begin and general discussions which have been made with experts, referees, national and international players and reviewing of literature on the same theme, it is opined that there is an essential need to frame standard criteria for the selection of efficient and suitable players for handball game to be played at state or national level. Accordingly th e present researcher has designed the following statement of problems1) Selection of players only on the basis of individual performance in a particular match is not always desirable.2) In the selection process, basic motor qualities and skills are the most important factors to be considered in order to improve overall performance of the team in the long run.3) There is no any criterion devised on the date for senior handball players in Maharashtra to provide guidelines for selection of suitable players.1.7. Significance of the studyThere are an only a few research studies that have been conducted on this direction in India. Hence, as a serious shortage of research on it, the present study is an immense important to handball coaches, trainer and physical education teachers for making effective coaching and training as well as framing strategies for selecting suitable handball players in a team. It pass on be proved so fruitful to the selection committees to assess and evaluate the individual performance of handball players to use them for state, national level handball teams.The study whitethorn also provide an opportunity and encouragement to the sports talent to go through the standard norms and criteria for their practice in order to enhance their performance for acquiring selection in state, national team.Besides, the study is to provide an opportunity to research fellow to conduct further research in new proportionality in the competitive arena.1.8. Objectives of the study1. To identify the performance variables of team handball.2. To measure selected Morphological, Physical Fitness components andHandball skills.3. To develop the Norms for Senior handball State level players.4. To design grading scales for Senior handball State level players.5. To find out Physical Fitness and Skill status of senior handball players on the basis of developed norms.1.9. Hypotheses1. The subjects have performed the fitness and skill test truthfully and with full capacity .2. The subjects are medically, physically and psychologically fit for tests conducted by the researcher.3. Maharashtra State Handball Association lead permit to conduct the test on the subjects.1.10. Delimitation of the study1. This study is restricted to male senior handball players only.2. This study measures the results of selected morphological, physical fitness and skills only.3. The study geographical restricted to the Maharashtra state only.1.11. Limitations of the study1. The subjects covered under the study from various districts and regions of Maharashtra states having different economical status, diet and training. These are highly unfeasible to control, hence are limitation to study.2. Heredity and environmental background of subjects whitethorn affect their performance in matches and they have not been controlled. .1.12. DefinitionsIn order to clarify the further discussion in the study, the following terms have adopted.Norms 11Norms are performance standards based o n analysis of tons. They are developed by collecting scores for a large number of individuals of the same gender and similar age, experience, ability and other such characteristics. Norms may be developed at the National, state or local level. Percentile, T-scores and Z-scores are forms of norms.Pcrcentile12For the current study the percentile refers to a point in a distribution of scores below which a given percentage of the scores fall.Morphology13It is a systematic study of external structure and form.Standing Height14It is the supreme height of the individual when standing erect on a plane surface with his head and face in Frankfurt horizontal plane. It is the unbent height of the subject (bare-footed) up to the point vertex. It is generally in meters adjacent to half of the centimetre.Body weight15Weight of the nude human body with assoil bowels, is known as a body weight. It is measured by the help of weighing machine, is recorded in kilogram nearest to half of kilogram. Physical fitness16It is the optimum ability to excel in physical strength, stamina and litheness with respect to status, development and maintenance (SDM). Physical fitness has also defined as ones capacity to perform routine tasks with ease without any wear thin having sufficient extra energy for leisure time activities (WHO) hefty Strength17Muscular strength may be defined as the maximal muscular force or tension used in the creation or prevention of the movement in one maximal effort of a muscle group.Muscular Endurance18

British Imperialism Essay -- Government Britain British Essays

British ImperialismIn many an(prenominal) respects, the Boer War resembles the struggle toward globalization a century later that Friedman describes in The Lexus and the Olive Tree. The British, with their much advanced industry and technology, attempted to pull the Boer Republics out-of-door from the Olive tree and into the new global economy, golden straightjacket and all. The British Empire had much at stake in the conflict, and eventually achieved its chief(prenominal) goals. It protected its holding at Cape Town, which was essential in ensnare to control the southern trade route to India, and resisted the threats of increased European front man in South Africa as well as the threat of Afrikaner nationalism in Cape Colony and in the Boer Republics that bordered it. British investors held about half the stock of the mining industries in the Boer Republics, so the protection of the industry was vital non only to the interests of those particular investors, but more ind irectly for the protection of free global trade, which Britains economy relied upon. With mines lead as efficiently as possible, more gold could be produced and correct into circulation in the world market, which favored Britain as the primary leader in the global economy. But just as Friedman must deal the concerns in the 1990s of those who are late entrants into the global economy, so we must address the concerns of those who represent the Olive Tree in South Africa namely, the Boers and the native sour Africans. While Friedman insists that globalization ultimately empowers individuals through the democratization of technology, political processes, finance, and information, Boers and Blacks seem, in different ways, to be very limited in their authority in the short term. Friedm... ...but after the war Blacks were cut off from economic empowerment because Boer racism became legally protected. Friedmans identifications of the players in the struggle of late twentieth-cent ury globalization applies to the players in South Africa around the time of the Boer War, but Friedmans optimism is not confirmed by the facts. While South Africa became an increasingly industrialized society, sealed social elements overpowered economic shifts to prevent the full empowerment of Blacks especially that Friedman predicts. The long-term outcomes in South Africathe resurgence of Boer nationalism in the 1940s that brought apartheid, and the motion forty years later to end apartheidreveal that racism and conservative political ideology were stronger forces than globalization and industrialization were in shaping the lives and futures for Blacks in South Africa.

Tom Clancy :: essays research papers

The frigidness War and post Cold War eras have brought with them m each interesting aspects. New technologies initially meant for big money destruction filter down into the civilian world, making current unrecordeds easier. cardinal example of this is the anti-lock braking systems of todays cars. Originally designed to slow fighter-planes on landing without skidding, these systems make it safer for parents to take their children on vacation. One less state advancement the eras brought is a considerable amount of exciting and forewarning fiction. small-arm most authors chose to warn of nuclear and post nuclear holocaust, one world-shaking author chose a different approach. Tom Clancy chose to write of conventional war and sometimes unconventional enemies. Between his myth Red Storm go up and Debt of Honor, Tom Clancy makes evident the changing face of Americas enemies and scourges, piece of music staying true to issues that keep people interested in his books.Published in 1986, Red Storm ascension is Tom Clancys second novel dealing with the former Soviet Union as a capableness enemy. This was a time when Americas finest tank and infantry units went on exercises in Germany fully armed with the expectation that the Russians could attack them at any time. This was also a time when the Soviets did the same exercises with the same amount of live ammunition. Therefore there was reason enough to worry about effectiveness conflicts. Deep within the ocean waters, submarines played similar cat and swipe games with other submarines and surface ships. However some of these submarines were more dangerous then(prenominal) a whole army because they were fully loaded with nuclear missles. These facts were easily know to the American public and made Red Storm Rising all the more real when it combined land and ocean warfare in a way that captivated millions of readers. The book begins as the Soviet Unions ability to provide their own oil is quash off by a ter rorist attack. Right away it is noted that dickens very frightening events have just happened. Terrorism, for one, is a major die tactic that can and does strike fear into millions. This was demonstrated by dickens suspected attacks in the U.S. recently (Bombing of Flight 800 and the Olympic Park bombing). Secondly, the threat of losing petroleum resources is enough to drive governments to drastic measures. This fact is evident in the worlds participation in the 1991 Gulf War. The leaders of the Soviet Union decided that the only way to prevent the total soften of their economy and country was to seize the oil rich Middle East.

My Feelings on English language :: essays research papers

My feelings about the incline language, including both grammar and literature, have changed several times throughout my life. These changes took place as I was influenced by my family and by the antithetical teachers that I have had throughout my academic career. As a puppylike boy, I knew very little about the English language, but the control which I have received throughout my academic career has worked to bring into being my feelings about the English language.My parents began reading to me when I was very issue. When I was plainly six months old, my parents bought me a number of plastic books. Using simple furnish books, my parents taught me to recognize pictures of objects and how to associate those objects with their specific names. I learned how to talk when I was only a year old, and my parents continued to read to me in ready to help me build up my vocabulary. I specifically remember my beat reading Sesame Street books to me. When she read to me, she utilise a contrary voice for each of the characters. I heard the same stories read to me so many times that I began to memorize them. I was able to count my favorite stories before I could read them for myself. While I was unable(p) to read, my skills with the English language were developing as I learned and used the words that I heard my parents read to me. My parents, my first teachers, made discipline the English language an enjoyable experience for me at a young age.I began attending preschool at the age of three, and I have a number of memories from that period in my life. My preschool teachers made learning about the English language fun. They ingrained in me the letters of the English alphabet using a number of techniques. I remember gluing uncooked macaroni noodles onto construction paper in order to form different letters of the alphabet. The letters or words that we learned were usually associated with a fun story or with a specific color. The teachers also read a great set to me and my fellow classmates. Story-time became something that I looked anterior to. Because my preschool teachers made learning fun, I looked forward to learning more about the English language at a very young age. My parents further reinforced what I learned in preschool by continuing to read to me at home.

Position Paper On Heroes -- Argumentative Persuasive Hero

Position Paper on HeroesOn September 11th 2001, saucy York City, Washington D.C., and Somerset County, Pennsylvania all came manifestation to face with an unbelievable tragedy. When the emergency response teams were sent out to the sites, they had no idea what they were going away to experience. They dished others to safety and then turned right back around to help several(prenominal)one else. These are Americas real heroes. As The united States changes because of these tragic events, the focus of our heroes should be placed on everyday pot and not sports and movie stars.A hero should be someone who unselfishly does something for someone else, regardless of danger. Marylyn Schwartz wrote this in the Houston Chronicle on Monday, October 8, 2001. Do sports stars face much danger to make a touchdown, goal, homerun, etc.? Not really. They may face the danger of breaking bones or getting some pretty nasty bruises, but thats about it. All likewise often these are the people that children look to as a heroic meter figure. Little boys think Mark McGwire, Sammy Sosa, and Barry Bonds are some of the greatest people ever born. Granted that they all performed an amazing feat, but that makes them no much qualified to obtain the status of heroic. Little girls are looking to Britney Spears, Jennifer Lopez, and Christina Alguilera as role models and sources of encouragement. They should be looking at the women who put their life on the line as police officers and peacekeepers. A local hero died too soon Saturday ...

The First World War (WWI) :: World War 1 I One

World state of war II or the Second World struggle was a planetary conflict that began on 7 July 1937, in Asia and 1 September 1939, in Europe and lasted until 1945, involving the majority of the worlds countries and every inhabited continent. Virtually all countries that participated in World War I were involved in World War II. It was the most extensive and expensive apocalyptic armed conflict in the history of the World.Attributed in varying degrees to the Treaty of Versailles, the Great Depression, nationalism, and militarism, the causes of the war ar a matter of debate. On which date the war began is also debated, cited as either the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, the Nipponese invasion of China on 7 July 1937 (the start of the Second Sino-japanese War), or earlier yet the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Still others argue that the twain world wars are one conflict separated only by a "ceasefire".Fighting occurred across the Atlantic Ocean, in Western and easterly Europe, in the Mediterranean Sea, Africa, the Middle due east, in the Pacific and South East Asia, and it continued in China. In Europe, the war ended with the surrender of Ger galore(postnominal) on 8 May 1945 (V-E and Victory Days), but continued in Asia until Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945 (V-J Day).Approximately 57 million community died as a result of the war, including acts of genocide such as the Holocaust, the disgrace of Nanking, and General Ishii Shiros Unit 731 experiments in Pingfan. As a case of nub war, it involved the "home front" and bombing of civilians to a new degree. atomic weapons, jet aircraft, and RADAR are only a few of many war-time inventions.Post-war Europe was partitioned into Western and Soviet spheres of influence, the former on a lower floorgoing economic reconstruction under the

The Role of the Amygdala in Fear and Panic Essay -- Biology Essays Res

The Role of the amygdala in Fear and PanicThe definition of fear has proved to be an elusive mystery plaguing scientists. While there is much agreement as to the physiologic effects of fear, the neural pathways and connections that bring upon these effects ar not well understood. From the evolutionary standpoint, the theory is that fear is a neural move that has been designed to keep the organism alive in dangerous situations (1). How does it whole work? Learning and responding to stimuli that warn of danger involves neural pathways that send training about the outside world to the amygdala, which in turn, determines the signifi mountaince of the stimulus and triggers delirious responses like freezing or fleeing as well as changes in the inner workings of the bodys organs and glands (1). There are important distinctions to set about between emotions and feelings. Feelings are red herrings, products of the conscious mind, labels given to unconscious emotions (2) whereas emotion s are distinct patterns of behaviors of neurons. Emotions can exist of conscious experiencesas well as physiological and neurological reactions and voluntary and involuntary behaviors (3). But the components of fear goes beyond feelings and emotions. It is similarly the specific memory of the emotion. After a frightful experience, one can cogitate the logical reasons for the experience (e.g. the time and place) but one lead also feel the memory, and his body will react as such(prenominal) (i.e. increased heart and respiration rate, sweating). In one recent case, after(prenominal) a near drowining incident, the victim could not only vividly remember each detail, but when doing so, his body reacted as though he were know the experience. These feelings of memory are stored in an ... ... of being harmed at this particular moment. The terce emotions can diffuse into one single diffuse state (5). mesh SourcesIsaacson, Robert. The Limbic System. Plenum Press, New York, NY, 1982 Tho mpson, Jack George. The Psychobiology of Emotions. Plenum Press, New York, NY, 1988 http//academic.uofs.edu/department/neuro/fear.htmlVan Goozen, Stephanie H. M. (ed.). Emotions Essays on Emotion Theory. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, Hillsdale, N.J., 1994 Kavanaugh, Robert. Emotion Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers, Hillsdale, N.J., 1996 Muller, Jeff, Functional Inactivation of the Lateral and immoral Nuclei of the Amygdala by Muscimol Infusion Prevents Fear Conditioning to an Explicit well-educated Stimulus and to Contextual Stimuli. Behavioral Neuroscience, Vol. 111, No. 4, pp. 683-691, 1997

Louis XIVs Similarities to Machiavellis The Prince Essay -- essays r

Louis XIV was innate(p) on September 5, 1638, and ruled as queer of France and of Navarre from May 14, 1643 until his shoemakers last at the age of 76. He took over the flowerpot a a few(prenominal) months before his fifth birthday, but didnt actually assume actual contain of the government until his First Minister, Jules Cardinal Mazarin, died in 1661. He was to become King of France after his father, Louis XIII, died of tuberculosis. He achieved the role of king by tracks of patrimonial monarchy, which is one of the ways to become a rule, as stated by Machiavelli. Louis XIV is known as the The Sun King and also known as Louis the Great. He ruled over France for seventy-two years, which is the longest reign of any(prenominal) French or any other major European ruler and increased the power and influence of France in Europe, by fighting triplet major wars. These wars are known as the Franco-Dutch fight, the War of the League of Augsburg, and the War of the Spanish Su ccession. Under Louis XIV, France achieved political and military pre-eminence, and also achieved cultural restraint with various cultural figures. He worked to successfully create an absolutist and modify state. The way Louis XIV ruled over France was not quite the way his father ruled. Louis XIV was considered to have unruly nobility. Louis XIV was also in the process of reinforcing the traditional Gallicanism, which is a doctrine limiting the authority of the pontiff in France. Also, Louis XIV began to diminish the power of the nobility and clergy. He achieved capital control over the second estate (nobility) in France by basically attaching much of the higher nobility to his range at his palace at Versailles, which required them to spend most of the year under his close attend instead of in th... ...urope began to imitate France in everything. French colonies abroad were multiplying in the Americas, Asia and Africa, while diplomatic relations had been initiated with countries as far away as Siam and Persia. Louis XIV died on September 1, 1715 of gangrene, only a few years before his seventy-seventh birthday. His reign lasted for 72 years, which made this the longest reign in the recorded history of Europe. Almost all of Louis XIVs children died during childhood. The only one to decease to adulthood, his eldest son, Louis, Dauphin de Viennois, died four years before his father in 1711, and left wing three children. Therefore, Louis XIVs five-year-old great-grandson Louis, Duc dAnjou, the younger son of the Duc de Bourgogne and Dauphin upon the death of his grandfather, father and elder brother, succeeded to the throne and was to reign as Louis XV of France.